DIABETES TYPE I
Brief Summary
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is a chronic condition that is mostly diagnosed in children and adolescents. Cells in the pancreas that produce insulin are destroyed in people with T1D, and the body is unable to produce insulin. Due to the extreme lack of insulin, the body is unable to process glucose for people with T1D. The glucose from the food cannot work its way into the cells. This leaves the blood with too much glucose circulating inside the bloodstream. Both short-term and long-term issues may result from elevated blood sugar levels.
Frequency
Type 1 diabetes accounts for 5 to 10 percent of cases of diabetes worldwide
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In the year 2021, it is estimated that around 1 in 1000 Filipino children aged 0-14 years old are affected with Type 1 Diabetes.
Inheritance
Type 1 diabetes is inheritable in an autosomal recessive manner.
The ancient Egyptians described a disease about 3,000 years ago that appears to have been the modern day type 1 diabetes. Excessive urination, thirst, and weight loss were the symptoms observed. The word "diabetes," which may have been its first reference, was described by Apollonius of Memphis during the 300 B.C.E. Matthew Dobson confirmed in 1776 that there could be a sweet taste in the urine of people with diabetes. He measured the glucose in urine and found it to be elevated in people with diabetes, according to an article published in the journal, Medical Observations, and Enquiries. Dobson also noted that in some individuals, diabetes may be lethal but chronic in others, further illustrating the distinctions between type 1 and type 2.
History of Disease
Pathogenesis
Achondroplasia is caused by a mutation in the FGF3 gene in chromosome 4 at 4p 16.3. This mutation causes a decreased production of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 which is crucial in the conversion of cartilage into bone which is vital in the proper development of a person. This mutation is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. More than 80 percent of people with achondroplasia have parents with normal characteristics and are born with achondroplasia due to a recent (de novo) gene modification (mutation).
Pathogenesis
Type 1 Diabetes is an autoimmune disease with different causes, mainly there are two reasons in which type 1 diabetes can be inherited at a predisposition of the disease. Causes of type 1 diabetes are unknown, although there are several factors that have been identified. Risk of developing diabetes are increased by certain variants from the HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQB1, and HLA-DRB1 genes, they provide instructions essential for creating proteins that has a major role in our immune system, cases are studied to be caused by a single gene of high penetrance, in which mutations can be located at Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1A (HNF1A) and the glucokinase (GCK) gene.
Symptoms
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frequent urination
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sudden weight loss
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sudden weight gain
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blurry vision
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nausea
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sudden hunger or thirst
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numbness and tingling of hand and feet
Social Concerns
People with type 1 diabetes are at risk for psychological mental health issues, including distress, depression, anxiety, and disordered eating. This can be manageable.
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Anger — resulting from stress because of the medication expenses and burden of the disease.
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Denial — declining of acceptance than one is suffering from diabetes.
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Depression — Diabetic people suffer from depression due to the concern of health problems
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Anxiety — Being nervous all of the sudden, resulting in lack of sleep.
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Appetite shift — eating more or less, resulting in a high rate of weight gain and weight loss.
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Suicidal thoughts — Thinking about death all of a sudden and inflicting self-harm.
Diabetic people can also suffer from binge drinking, alcohol dependence, and tobacco addiction, Individualized comprehensive interventions should be offered like educating the person about the effects of the addiction to the body with diabetes.
Treatment
Insulin Intake
The amount of insulin required over the course of 24 hours varies, depending on factors like exercise, activity level, and sleep.
Balanced diet
Less sugar and the right amount of carbohydrates is required. Checking on what to eat and drink in relation to insulin medication will keep the blood glucose in range. The managing of blood glucose levels helps prevent further health complications.
Maintenance of blood sugar levels as prescribed
Checking the target range of blood sugar levels can help improve energy and mood. Blood glucose is a sugar that the bloodstream carries to all cells in the body to supply energy. A person needs to maintain a blood sugar level within the safe range to reduce the risk of influx of sugar and heart disease.
Physical activity
Exercise helps maintain or control blood sugar levels. Benefits of exercise in people with type 1 diabetes will increase the insulin sensitivity of a person. In addition, after every exercise, the body doesn't need a lot of insulin to process carbohydrates.
Natural treatments
Control of blood glucose levels in people with diabetes prevent the condition or prevents its complications. These can include herbs or dietary supplements which include garlic, cinnamon, alpha-lipoic acid, aloe vera, chromium, ginseng, and magnesium.
Clinical Trials
Title:
A Comparison of LY2605541 Versus Insulin Glargine as Basal Insulin Treatment in Combination With Oral Anti-Hyperglycemia Medications in Insulin-Naive Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Double-Blind, Randomized Study
Intervention Phase:
The phase III of this clinical trial compares the effectiveness of experimental drug LY2605541, a PEGylated insulin Lispro, to the Glargine, a long-acting insulin.
Procedure:
Adult and older adult diabetes mellitus, type 2, patients are randomly assigned to two treatments: LY2605541 drug, and Glargine drug titrated based on the blood glucose reading of the patient. The treatments are administered once daily with at least two pre-study oral antihyperglycemic medications (OAMs) administered by the personal physician of the individual for 52 or 78 weeks.
Goal:
The primary goal of the study is to compare the effectiveness of LY2605541 with insulin glargine on the blood sugar of patients after 52 weeks based on the change from baseline in Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c).
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